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Front Cover |
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Geological Records of Tsunamis and Other Extreme Waves |
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Copyright |
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Contents |
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Contributors |
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About the Editors |
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Preface |
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1 -Introduction |
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1 - Geological records of tsunamis and other extreme waves: concepts, applications and a short history of research |
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Introduction |
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Disciplinary background |
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A short history of paleotsunami research |
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Scope of the book |
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Outline of the book |
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Concluding remarks |
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References |
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2 - Historical records: their importance in understanding and mitigating tsunamis |
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Catalogues and databases |
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Historical records: importance and limitation |
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3 - Tsunami magnitude scales |
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Tsunami magnitude scales: an overview |
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Relation between tsunami magnitude and intensity |
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Possibilities and limitations of tsunami magnitude scales |
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Applicability of tsunami magnitude, Mt, to the case of October 25, 2018, earthquake |
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Discussion and conclusions |
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4 - Trigger mechanisms and hydrodynamics of tsunamis |
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Trigger mechanisms |
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Earthquakes |
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Landslides |
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Volcanism |
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Impacts |
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Complex trigger |
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Hydrodynamics |
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Propagation of tsunamis |
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Wave deformation in shallow waters (shoaling) |
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Inundation and runup |
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Backwash |
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5 - Tsunami databases |
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Definition |
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Database development |
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Problems |
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Challenges to creating a global tsunami database |
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Paleotsunami data |
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Structure |
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Validity |
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Other attributes |
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Opportunities |
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6 - Onshore archives of tsunami deposits |
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Onshore archives of tsunami deposits |
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Low-lying coastal plains |
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Marshes and estuaries |
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Swales within beach-ridge plains |
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Lagoons |
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Coastal lakes |
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Coastal sediment sections |
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Beaches (back-beach environments) |
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Caves. |
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Summary |
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2 -Field methods |
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7 - Geophysical prospection and sedimentological characteristics of subaquatic tsunami deposits |
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Why do we need research on offshore tsunami deposits? |
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Methods to detect offshore tsunami deposits |
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Sidescan sonar |
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Multibeam echosounder |
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Reflection seismic |
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LiDAR measurements |
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Sampling of offshore tsunami deposits |
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Diagnostic criteria of offshore tsunami deposits |
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Distribution of offshore tsunami deposits: case studies from different regions |
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Conclusions |
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8 - Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in coastal hazard studies |
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The GPR technique |
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Theory of GPR and its application in coastal environments |
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Data collection and processing |
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Recent advancements |
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Types of surveys |
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Processing |
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GPR use in studying past storms and tsunamis |
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Erosional records |
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Other research areas of methodology development |
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Thin-bed studies |
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Use of amplitude variation with offset (AVO) |
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Multiconfiguration surveys |
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Attribute analysis |
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3D modeling of GPR data |
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9 - Mapping of subaerial coarse clasts |
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Aerial and satellite imagery |
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Single-point to multi-point measurements |
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Photogrammetry and Structure-from-Motion |
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Laser scanning |
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Point-cloud analysis |
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10 - Post-event field surveys |
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Introduction and aims |
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Overview of how to approach the development, deployment and activity of a post-event field survey |
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Before the survey |
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During the survey |
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After the survey |
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Summary reflections on the tasks/issues associated with organizing and undertaking a post-event field survey |
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On the evolving "tool kit" of methods available to support post-event field surveys, including those from the broader geolo ... |
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Reflections on the tensions and challenges a post-event field survey team leader might encounter |
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Meeting my own and other's expectations |
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Time |
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Dealing with the unexpected |
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Difficult emotions |
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3 -Fine-grained deposits |
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11 - The sedimentology and geometry of fine-grained tsunami deposits from onshore environments |
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Methods |
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Fine-grained onshore tsunami deposits |
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Depositional features |
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Horizontal trends |
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Grain-size distribution |
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Stratification |
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Accumulation of components |
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Vertical structures |
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Asymmetrical structures that indicate flow direction |
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Soft-sediment deformation |
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Erosional features |
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Discussion |
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12 - Foraminifera in tsunami deposits |
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Characteristics of coastal foraminifera |
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Field methods |
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Modern foraminifera sampling |
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Tsunami and paleotsunami foraminifera sampling |
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Laboratory methods |
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Sample preparation and foraminiferal analysis |
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Foraminifera taxonomy |
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Foraminifera test size |
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Foraminifera taphonomy |
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Statistical techniques |
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Example application of foraminifera to tsunami studies |
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Current challenges |
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Summary of foraminifera use in tsunami research |
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13 - Ostracoda in extreme-wave deposits |
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Who are the Ostracoda? |
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Taxonomy |
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Distribution |
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Preservation and taphonomy |
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Field-based methods |
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Baseline ostracod fauna and ecologies |
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Deposit sampling |
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Lab-based methods |
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Post-laboratory methods |
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Distinguishing between overwash mechanisms |
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14 - Diatoms in tsunami deposits |
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Introduction: physical and ecological characteristics of diatoms |
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Diatoms in tsunami deposits |
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Allochthonous diatoms in tsunami deposits, indicators for sediment provenance |
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Diatoms as indicators of tsunami runup extent. |
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Sorting of diatom valves in tsunami deposits |
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Preservation of diatom valves in tsunami deposits |
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Comparison of diatoms in tsunami and storm-surge deposits |
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Recommendations for investigating a candidate tsunami deposit |
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Field work and data collection |
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Laboratory processing and analyses |
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Appendix 1: common diatoms reported in tsunami deposits |
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Appendix 2: published criteria for identifying tsunami deposits using diatoms |
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Appendix 3: diatom slide preparation and counting |
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Appendix 4: assessment of diatom preservation |
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15 - The application of molluscs for investigating tsunami deposits |
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The use of molluscs in paleotsunami research |
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Characteristics of mollusc species assemblages in tsunami deposits |
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Paleo-current flow direction |
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Infaunality as a proxy for erosion depth |
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Shell size |
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Taphonomic processes |
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Shell material |
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Taphonomic characteristics |
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Differences between coastal and offshore settings |
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Geochemical analysis |
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Differentiating between tsunami and storm deposits |
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16 - Magnetic susceptibility and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility: versatile tools to decipher hydrodynamic ch ... |
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The principles of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility |
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Magnetic susceptibility of tsunami deposits |
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Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility |
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Methodology |
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Sediment sampling in the field |
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Caution and limits |
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Sediment sampling in the laboratory |
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Field experiments |
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Laboratory measurements |
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Contribution of MS/AMS to deciphering tsunami deposits |
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Environmental magnetism of tsunami deposits |
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Magnetic signatures of tsunami deposits |
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Limitations and perspectives |
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Contribution of AMS to reconstruct the hydrodynamic conditions for the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami flooding at Banda Aceh, Su ... |
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Limitations of the method |
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Conclusions. |
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17 - X-ray tomography applied to tsunami deposits |
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Principles of X-ray tomography |
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Application to tsunami deposits |
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Sampling strategy |
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Image analysis |
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X-ray anatomy of tsunami deposits |
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Internal structure of the deposit and bedforms |
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Soft and fine-grained fraction: soil and mud |
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Vertical trends of grain size |
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Sedimentary fabric |
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Distribution of heavy minerals |
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Distribution of marine bioclasts |
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18 - Applications of geochemical proxies in paleotsunami research |
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Field sampling |
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Analytical methods |
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Examples and significance of geochemical proxies |
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Onshore deposits |
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Marine indicators (shell hash, marine carbonate, also seawater) |
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Indicators of source material (proxy for mineral composition) |
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Grain-size indicator (Zr/K, Rb and K, Si/(K+Ti)) |
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Seawater influence and post-diagenetic formation of pyrite (TC, TS, Fe and S) |
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Indicator of source material (terrestrial vs. marine/beach) and geochronological marker |
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Stable isotopes and C/N |
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Biomarkers/organic compounds |
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DNA |
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Offshore deposits |
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Current challenges and potentialities |
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19 - Microtextures in tsunami deposits: a useful sediment fingerprinting tool |
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Laboratory procedure |
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Microtextural semi-quantitative classification |
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Shape analysis |
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Automated microtextural classification |
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Case studies |
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Boca do Rio (Portugal) |
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Arauco and Mataquito (Chile) |
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20 - Paleogenetic approaches in tsunami deposit studies |
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Background |
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Pioneering metabarcoding applications in paleotsunami research |
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Protocols for sampling and analysis |
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Sediment sampling and storage |
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Establishment of databases and significance of reference material |
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DNA extraction procedures. |
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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and development of specific PCR primers. |
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Front Cover |
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Geological Records of Tsunamis and Other Extreme Waves |
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Copyright |
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